Shakespeare, of course, wrote acclaimed plays about history. But sometimes history takes the pen from the playwright’s hand and fashions a scenario of such startling tension and originality that the story seems destined for the stage. One of these dramas took place in September 1780. It involved the plot by Benedict Arnold to betray the patriot cause and to help the British prevail in the Revolutionary War.
Arnold, an important hero of the American Revolution, decided to change sides in the summer of 1779. Why? Historians have scratched their heads over that question for generations. They have suggested everything from “he did it for the money” to “his wife made him.” The fact is, we don’t know. And maybe he didn’t really know himself.
But it happened. His plan was to wait until he was in a position to assure an enemy victory. The opportunity came when he was put in command of the lower Hudson Valley, including the critical fort at West Point, which controlled access to the river. A successful British attack there could be decisive.
On Thursday night, September 21, 1780, Arnold met with the chief of British intelligence, Major John André, near Peekskill, New York, to finalize the deal. Arnold gave André a map of West Point’s defenses and instructions for capturing the fort. The traitor then returned to his headquarters on the riverbank opposite West Point. André, after some delay, began riding south along the eastern shore on Saturday morning, September 23rd.
The territory André had to cross included a stretch of Westchester County between the American and British lines. André was excited — he had pulled off the biggest intelligence coup of the war. He was also nervous — militia from both sides roamed this no man’s land. If caught out of uniform, he could be hanged as a spy. He got as far as Sleepy Hollow, the wooded haunt of Washington Irving‘s “Headless Horseman.”
Suddenly, three armed militiamen emerged from the brush and ordered him to halt. André was carrying the vital plans in his boot. He didn’t know which side the men were on, only that they were aiming cocked muskets at his chest.
“I hope you are of our party,” he said.
One wary militiaman replied, “Which party is that?”
André had to guess. “The lower party,” he said, meaning the British, who controlled New York City.
“We’re Americans,” the other man told him. “Get down.”
The men searched André, found the suspicious papers, refused the generous bribes he offered, and took him to Lieutenant Colonel John Jameson, who was in charge of the region. Obedient to the chain of command, Jameson sent a courier off to inform his direct superior, Benedict Arnold, of the suspicious activity. On second thought, he decided to dispatch another letter, with the incriminating documents, directly to George Washington.
Maybe not even Shakespeare could have come up with the twist that followed. George Washington was just then returning from a meeting with French officers in Hartford Connecticut. Having stayed Sunday night in Fishkill, New York, he planned to sit down to breakfast the next morning with Arnold. Afterward, they would inspect West Point together before Washington returned to the Continental Army camp on the New York-New Jersey border.
On Monday morning, September 25, the two couriers were winding their separate ways toward Arnold’s headquarters. There the traitorous general and his wife awaited the commander in chief while their cook prepared a hearty breakfast. Arnold was on edge — confident that André had gotten through, he assumed the attack on West Point could begin at any time.
Which messenger would arrive first? Who would get the news? Was it too late to foil the plot? All would be answered in the climactic Act III that followed, a scene for the ages.
During the decades after the Revolution, playwrights did often depicted this very drama on stage. Among the heroes were the three lowly militiamen, who were, for a while, quite famous. Their names were John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac Van Wart. It was said that only Paulding could read.
Their virtue in refusing André’s bribes was celebrated. Congress declared that each man should receive a silver medal for his valor. These are considered the oldest military decorations in U.S. history. They were inscribed on the front with a single word: “Fidelity.”
You can read the dramatic conclusion to this story in Jack Kelly’s book God Save Benedict Arnold: The True Story of America’s Most Hated Man (coming December 5, 2023) and learn about an exhibition of the medal and more here.
Illustration: 1874 painting “Treason of Arnold” by Charles Blauvelt depicting Benedict Arnold directing Major Andre to hide papers in his boot.
I thought you were writing this to announce that the New York State Museum has a new exhibit: “The Fidelity Medal: Treason at West Point”, which includes the document from Andre’s boot. I have seen the document and it clearly shows that Arnold was a traitor- an amazing survival.
That announcement ran last week and there is a link at the bottom of this story. Thanks for reading the Almanack.
While working as a reporter for The Associated Press in Albany, I did a story on some of the items in the NYS Archives, including B. Arnold’s West Point documents he gave to Maj. Andre. They were in protective clear coverings, and I was allowed to hold them. Years later, while visiting the Old Stone Fort in Schoharie, I came across David Williams’ grave, which features an obelisk etched with details of his part in Andre’s capture. I thought then that Williams and I had one thing in common: We both held the documents that proved Arnold was a traitor (presuming that Williams likely held the incriminating papers at some point). Didn’t find out until years later that Williams was illiterate. In late 2021-early 2022, I worked as the publicist for the documentary film ‘Benedict Arnold: Hero Betrayed.’